Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Mask Analysis

Lucy Grealy’s Masks Analysis In the story â€Å"Masks† Lucy Grealy is battling a lethal form of cancer but her struggle through the story is her self-confidence concerning her looks. As Lucy is growing up, the teasing and her self-consciousness about her physical appearance keep increasing. People’s physical beauty is somewhat important to how they see themselves because it affects their confidence. Sometimes when people are nicely dressed, do their hairs or makeup, they feel more confident about themselves than they do if they didn’t.In our culture we almost see a lack of physical beauty or a physical deformity as a disability that prevents you from being like other people. We allow our confidence and self-esteem influence our abilities. The more confidence a person has the less limitation they put on themselves. A person with a physical disability or deformity might feel less free or confident about themselves because how society might perceive them. For example, the first time Lucy is wearing her mask when she is celebrating Halloween she says, â€Å"I felt such freedom: I waltzed up to people effortlessly and boldly. When she wore the mask for the first time she realized how self-conscious she was about her appearance and how that affected her confidence. Some people would probably feel the same way Lucy did if they had faced what Lucy had through her life. Although she was a brave and strong person for fighting her disease, the thing that affected her confidence the most was her looks. Our culture judges a book by its cover. People usually will judge other people by their physical appearance when they first meet someone.That first impression is how we think a person is whether it been smart, successful, confident, or the opposite. People make it so important to be looked as â€Å"normal† that they will behave and look a certain way just to be perceived as normal by the people around them. A person’s physical appea rance will also influence the way people interact with each other. We see with Lucy the way her harassment about her looks influences her. When the teasing comes from a smaller group when Lucy was younger she would retaliate by retorting things back at the boys bothering her.As Lucy got to junior high and the group was larger and she knew less people, she became more isolated. Lucy stated that when she was teased in the hallways of the schools she would â€Å"simply looked down at the floor and walked more quickly. † The teasing got to such a point that she would completely isolate herself during lunch by eating with her guidance counselor. As she got older she, â€Å"viewed other people both critically and sympathetically. She tried to figure out why people would act the way they did with her and in general, as a way to cope with her situation. Some people have the attitude that they are better than someone with a physical deformity or physical disability because they donâ €™t look â€Å"normal,† which they almost see as a handicap. It would help in our culture to break that perception by knowing more stories like Lucy’s in which you can see how strong a person you have to be to have gone through the struggles she had.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Porter’s Five Force Model of Toyota

MIS Porter’s Five Forces Model Of Toyota Porter’s five forces model is a framework for the industry analysis and development of business strategy. Three of Porter’s five forces refers to rivalry from external/outside sources such as micro environment, macro environment and rest are internal threats. It draws ahead Industrial Organization economics to develop five forces that conclude the competitive intensity and consequently attractiveness of a market place or industry. Attractiveness in this framework refers to the generally overall industry profitability. An â€Å"unattractiveness† in industry is one in which the mixture of these five forces proceed to constrain behind overall profitability. An extremely unattractive industry would be one moving toward â€Å"pure competition†, in which existing profits for all companies are moving down to zero. 1. Bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is low. There are various types of suppliers in the vehicles industry, including the cooling system, electrical system, braking system and fuel supply system distributed across the globe. However, most vehicle manufactures own many interchangeable suppliers, and also have the ability to produce the components by their own in the short time. Thus, the suppliers do not own the power to change the price. 2. Bargaining power of buyers The Bargaining power of buyers is high. Today, buyers have a lot of information channel, such as the internet, where can easily find the proper vehicle. And, the preferences of the private consumers are important to the vehicle corporations. If automobile Company increases one type, they can also choose other type or the cheaper one. And the vehicle’s buyers can easily find the substitutes, such as walking, and bus. 3. Threat of new entrants The entrants can not enter to the automotive industry easily, as automobiles are special products that require a large amount of money on the design, electronic functions, and safety issues. And another important issue is the brand loyalty in the car market. Vehicle firms always benefit the brand value, and decrease the consumer sensitivity about the price. For example, General Motors provided $1000 to the Saab owners who planed to buy the 2008 model. 4. Rivalry among competitors The competition in the auto industry is strong. The top eight auto companies have occupy large part of global revenues, and these automobile manufacturers strengthened the globalization and consolidation across the worldwide range. The competition is not only between the corporations, but between the governments. Governments established protection laws to protect the products of each own production. For example, U. S. government increased the additional tariffs on Chinese tires in 2009. And the Toyota vehicles were recalled because the U. S. government investigated into the accelerator pedal problems. 5. Threat of substitutes The threat of the substitutes is high. There are a lot of substitutes in the automobile industry. When the price of the vehicles rises, the substitutes will emerge, there are many types of equipment that can take the place of vehicles, such bus, subway, bicycle and even walking.

Monday, July 29, 2019

12 Angry Men

The theme may be a life lesson that was discovered by one of the characters or it may be an evaluation that the author offers regarding an aspect of existence; in other words, a theme is a profound observation about people in general or the way the world works. Theme is primarily shown by the resolution of a conflict. Whether the conflict is between opposing forces (character vs. character, character vs. society) or is within the characters themselves (internal struggle), how a problem is solved and how the characters react sends a powerful message. As we know, the events surrounding the trial of Tom Robinson in the Pulitzer Prize winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird reveal much about the character of people. Similarly, the 1957 classic movie (adapted from the play 12 Angry Men) uses a trial to explore human nature, revealing many important themes. Because both texts explore similar issues of justice (racism, social class, etc. ), they share many of the same themes, including the 12 listed below. 1. Prejudice obstructs the truth (and justice). . True understanding requires time, study, and effort. 3. Intuition can be deceptive neither dismiss initial judgments, nor trust them blindly. 4. There are many interpretations of the facts; few things are truly black or white. 5. Patient silence and loud persistence can both be powerful, at the right times. 6. One determined individual can wield great influence. 7. Courage â€Å"†¦is when you know you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. † 8. Respect and understanding are the keys to peaceful coexistence. 9. Real leadership is not derived from titles, but from leading by example. 10. â€Å"You can never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view—until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. † A person must examine and respect who people are and where they come from if he is to truly understand them. 11. A person is often not what he or she seems to be; everyone has something inside that motivates him or her to be who they are. 2. People will go to great lengths to preserve their pride. Your task then is to select one of these themes and in a comparative essay, explain and compare how this message is revealed in 12 Angry Men and To Kill a Mockingbird, providing specific supporting examples from each text. Therefore, as you watch 12 Angry Men, you will need to take notes on the problems that the characters face, how these conflicts develop, and how they are resolved. Following the movie, you will then craft a response in which you explain how the chosen message (theme) is revealed in the book and the movie and support your conclusion with specific evidence from the film and the novel. You can draw on your own experiences and prior knowledge to judge the situations. For example, if you believed the message of the film (and the novel) is that â€Å"Prejudice obstructs truth†, you would support this conclusion with evidence from the movie and discuss how this truth is seen in life. Plan BEFORE you begin writing; use the tools provided to prepare for your essay. This assignment is worth 100 points. Your response should be well-thought out and organized, including: _ (x2) a well-crafted written introduction that funnels to your thesis (position on theme) _ (x3) organized body paragraphs supporting the thesis, showing how the theme applies to texts _ (x2) use of specific evidence and insightful interpretations of the whole stories _ (x2) a final conclusion about how the theme is revealed similarly/differently in both texts. (x1) writing free of grammatical errors that interfere with a reader’s understanding. Identifying the Characters For your writing assignment on this film you will need to identify the different jurors. We only know the names of two of them. To identify the others you can refer to them by their juror number, occupation, personality trait, or appearance. Juror #1 – foreman of the jury, an assistant coach Juror #2 – short man with the high voice who worked in a bank Juror #3 – angry man who had a son he didn’t speak to Juror #4 – wealthy stockbroker Juror #5 – demonstrated how to use the switch blade Juror #6 housepainter Juror #7 was in a hurry to leave because he had tickets to a baseball game Juror #8 – Mr. Davis, the man who persuaded the others that the boy may not be guilty Juror #9 – Mr. McArdle, the old man with the keen eyesight Juror #10 – was prejudiced against other races Juror #11 – watchmaker, a refugee from Europe Juror #12 – tall thin man with glasses who worked in advertising Funnel Method of Organization General Introduction General Conclusion Thesis about Point #1  ¶ about Point #2 Thesis Crafting Your Thesis Statement 1) What are the questions you are answering? Ex: How is the theme revealed in the text? Ex: How is this similar/different? 2) Decide what you think. Ex: Both texts use a trial to prove that everyone has something inside that motivates him or her to be who they are, but they use different people. 3) Include reasons/points with your position to show w hat you will talk about Ex: The book uses conflicts between witnesses to show people’s motives; the movie uses conflicts between jurors. ) Use transition words and phrases to make the relationship between ideas clear. Ex. Thesis: Although both the book To Kill a Mockingbird and the movie 12 Angry Men use a trial to show the theme that everyone has something inside that motivates him or her to be who they are, the book uses witnesses to show how people’s motives influence their actions while the movie uses jurors to prove this point. Introduce Texts Compare Texts

Foundation of Criminal Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundation of Criminal Law - Assignment Example Recklessness may constitute offenses that involve considerable danger to another person or against property. N.P. Metcalfe and A.J. Ashworth, in their case commentary, Arson: mens rea - recklessness whether property destroyed or damaged’ (2004) Crim L R 369, analyse and critically evaluate the decisions of the House of Lords in R v G [2003] UKHL 50; [2004] 1 A.C. 1034 and R. v Caldwell (James) [1982] A.C. 341. This paper will briefly identify the key arguments that were advanced in the commentary and discuss whether Metcalfe and Ashworth’s critical evaluation of the tow decisions is persuasively argued. In the case of R v Caldwell, Metcalfe and Ashworth comment that throughout the judgement of R v Caldwell, Lord Diplock appeared to only address his mind to the class of defendant who would normally have the capacity of foreseeing the risk. They thus argue that this narrow focus in the case is what subsequently led to the arising of the problems in this case. They further comment that the House of Lords did not consider particular classes of defendant who would not be able to foresee any risk, even though they could have been asked to think about foreseeing. Metcalfe and Ashworth also made a commentary in the decision of the House of Lords relating to mens rea and which was quite related to the case of R v Caldwell; this was the case of R v G. In this case, the issue was whether the children of eight or more years are able to have an understanding of the difference between right and wrong, and if the test of â€Å"obviousness† might operate fairly for the defendants who were of 11 and 12 years age if they were held to similar standard as reasonable adults. 4 The House of Lords in this respect stated that a person can be considered to act â€Å"recklessly† if: he is in a circumstance that he is aware that a risk will or exists; in a result when he is aware that a risk will happen; and if it occurs to him that it is unreasonable to take risk, in circumstances that are known to him.5 Moreover, in their commentary, Metcalfe and Ashworth noted how the House of Lords in R v G departed from the House of Lords’ decision in R v Caldwell. Metcalfe and Ashworth argue that Lord Diplock’s ruling in R v Caldwell could not be supported by statutory interpretations, as both Lord Bingham and Lord Steyn clearly spelt out in R v G. Besides, they comment that the considerations in R v Caldwell not only misinterpreted the statute, but also went against the principle that require subjective mens rea for serious crime conviction, and which led to unfair results that may not be either just or moral. They also point out how application of the decision in R v Caldwell would amount to injustice as it violates the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.6 Metcalfe and Ashworth acknowledge in their commentary that the meaning of â€Å"recklessness† cannot only be applied in the Criminal Damage Act as had seemed to be implied in R v Caldwell. They note that Lord Bingham in the case of R v G though that Lord Diplock and other majority members in R v Caldwell were so set in the course to an extent that they cou ld not have reached a different outcome regarding the case involving the capacity of children and young persons. Metcalfe and Ashworth argue that their was stubbornness in the interpretation of â€Å"reckless† in R v Caldwell and other similar cases in 1980s, a

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Fame asylum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fame asylum - Essay Example With only 2 weeks to teach his band how to sing in English, get them to learn how to dance, and get them whipped into perfect condition for their London South Bank performance. After an exhaustive search, his band â€Å"Asylum† was finally formed. Its members were David, Long, and Aaron. Now. lets get to meet the band members and their reason for seeking asylum. David is a just a simple Nigerian who has problems with commitment. Originally from Nigeria, he came to the UK 2 years ago after his mother died and he was hounded out of his village. He is currently a resident of Birmingham. He feels like the church is his life and his life will end if the church is taken away from him. This is a connection he developed because it was his church that helped him flee persecution in his village by giving him a chance to come to England. He never knew his father and he has no relatives in the UK so he took a huge chance in coming over to the new world where he would have to overcome loneliness. He never thought about going back to Nigeria despite the loneliness because he wanted to stay away from that sad area of his past. With only $5 to spend on food and clothing everyday, he leads the hard life but he is quite happy with his current lot in life. As Richard put it, â€Å"Things must be pretty bad at home for him if he considers this an improvement. † Long on the other hand, left Vietnam 3 years ago (at the time of filming) with his father who was trying to escape the repercussions of being a political dissident in his home country. They traveled across Asia and Europe in a lorry in order to make their way away from Vietnam. The father and son were separated during their journey and Long found himself quite alone in the UK, never again having heard of or seen his father since the traffickers separated them during the trip. What keeps him going everyday is the hope that he will be allowed to stay legally in the UK

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Engineering management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Engineering management - Coursework Example That is, desktops computers have been used for long periods of time for various purposes which range from personal to corporate (Charles 2002). Even though the use of desktops has been on decline as media of communication since the advent of laptops, iPhones, tables and mobile phones, they are still being employed in various communications as media through which communication is conveyed (Charles 2002). Normally, communication involves exchange of ideas between individuals. At times, the individuals communicate amongst themselves through live chats and through video links. The use video links in communication is only possible if the computer being used in communication is either installed with either external or internal web cameras (Shortened as webcams). Regardless of the fact the desktop computers have played important roles in conveying communication, their monitors are normally not installed with internal web cameras (Charles 2002). This has forced the users of desktop computers acquire external webcams or dispose their desktops for laptops. The costs incurred in acquiring external webcams or laptops may be high depending on a user’s economic and social status. It is therefore important that an extension is done to the desktop monitors such that they are pre-installed with internal webcams. ... Aspects to be considered while carrying market analysis for the modified computer monitors It is important to carry out extensive analysis of the market before the final modified product (computer monitors installed with internal web cameras) is released into the market. If the products are modified, manufactured and released into the market without carrying market analysis on the perception of the customers, customers may reject the modified product (Chryssides & Kaler 1996). The cost of rejecting this modified product may severe to the organization due to the fact that products have already found their way into the market (Cole & Kelly 2011). The factors that should be considered while analyzing market for proposed modified computer desktop are as stated below. i. Size of the current computer monitor market. ii. Market trends associated with computer monitors. iii. Customers’ likely perceptions of the customers with regard to the proposed extension on the computer monitors. iv. The performance of products being offered by the competitors, and likely actions to be taken by the competitors with regard to the proposed modification of the computer monitors. (Chryssides & Kaler 1996) The size of the current computer monitors market One of the most important factors that should always be considered while carrying out market analysis is the market size of the current products being produced by an organization. Market size can be defined as the volume or quantities of product consumers have both ability and willingness to buy (Chryssides & Kaler 1996). Typically, market size depends on both consumer’s ordinary demand as well as quantity of a good the consumers (customers) are willing to buy. It

Friday, July 26, 2019

Information Technology Enhanced Management of Schools Dissertation

Information Technology Enhanced Management of Schools - Dissertation Example What is necessary to overcome the aforementioned obstacle may be roundtable discussions at many of the nation’s schools, where committee members meet to identify and discuss the issues at hand. Among things to consider is what is and what is not doable at the hands of a particular school, a definition of what it means to be productive in an academic sense, and a definition of how information technology may enhance that definition (Massy and Zemsky, 2008). â€Å"First, the demand for IT-based teaching and learning programs will grow substantially, probably exponentially, over the next decade. In an economy that is itself increasingly knowledge-based, the new information technologies offer an economical means of providing the continuous education the U.S. now requires as well as a more readily accessible form of post-secondary education and credentialing. Second, IT will change teaching and learning profoundly, no matter what the response of traditional higher education institutions. Just as the development of the printing press forever changed the teaching enterprise, IT represents a fundamental change in the basic technology of teaching and learning† (Massy and Zemsky, 2008, pg. 1). Information technology itself offers a large amount of potential, but it requires a fundamental shift in the way institutions operate. It is essential, then, that those who wish to implement information technology within an institution understand what changes must take place on levels that are practical to that institution. The first step is to take a look at the pros and cons of the integration of information technology into a school, including both administrative and teaching processes. Then, any barriers the school may face when integrating that technology must be considered on both an internal and external level (Massy and Zemsky, 2008; Armstrong, 2007; and Estabrooks, 1995). Schools across the nation are encountering many difficulties when they attempt to adopt a variety of new technologies. First of all, should information technology comprise the primary means of teaching students in today's elementary schools Second, should entire school systems be technologically enhanced Third, how is all of this going to be paid for (Kumpulainen and Wray, 2002 and Olson, Malone,

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Analysis essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Analysis - Essay Example From â€Å"as I perchance hereafter shall think meet/ to put a disposition on† (Act 1 Scene 5, Act 2 Scene 1). When Ophelia tells his father Polonius that there are some strange characteristics seen in Hamlet, we can see that Hamlet is not willing to let people know what is actually going on. In addition, when there is a group of people coming to perform in the palace, Hamlet comes up with a bright idea on how best to illustrate and expose his father’s murder and the responsible party. He directs a play that shows how the king died to see the king’s brother rise to kingship. This play is able to perfectly prove that Claudius is indeed the King’s murderer. â€Å"There is a play tonight before the king: which I told thee of my father’s death† (Act 3 Scene 2). From that, we can see that Hamlet really wants to know who the murderer of his father really is. Thirdly, when Polonius is talking to Hamlet, and use word to baffle frustrate. â€Å"My lo rd, the queen would speak with you, and presently/ do you see yonder clouds that’s almost in shape of a camel† (Act 3 Scene 3). However,  even though he tries to approach the issue with utmost moderation, "Hamlet" somehow fails and shows rash and impulsive behavior instead. It is amazing agility but little or no premeditation when he stabs Polonius through the curtain, he does not even take time to check to see who really is behind the curtain. He seems to step easily into the role of a madman, which is not his normal behavior, to disturb other characters with his wild speech and pointed innuendo.   After reading the whole play, it is Hamlet who one sympathizes with. Even though he is smart, he is controlled by fate to do some things that he does not intend to do, and a sense of powerlessness to resist his actions. In the play, Hamlet always reflects the spirit of such a tragedy. â€Å"To be, or not to be: this is the question: Whether it is nobler in the mind of suffer. The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Criminal Justice System in the USA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice System in the USA - Assignment Example As the paper outlines, this is obviously the wrong direction that the prison system is taking and represents an unethical way in which the offenders are being treated. Although the conditions in these prisons meet federal and local standards, the overall issue of human rights and equality is fundamentally flawed due to the fact that the people who are being locked away are not viewed with respect to how they should be punished or reformed; rather, they are only viewed with respect to the overall level of profitability that can be extracted from the state, regional, or federal government for their tenure in the penal system. The following analysis will discuss this to some length and highlight the unethical nature as well as some prescriptions for change that could be instituted in order to have a positive impact on the current criminal justice system. The ethical issue that exists is the fact that the prisons and penal institutions within the United States are supposed to be interest ed only in punishing and rehabilitating the criminal. Instead, what is taking place throughout the country is a situation in which the prison complex itself is making a massive amount of money based upon the individuals that it incarcerates. As one might expect, this means that there will be little if any focus upon seeking to rehabilitate the criminal; instead, the focus is upon only trying to expand the size of the prisons so that a further and further level of profitability is made.  As such, the primary ethical/moral issue that one must consider relates to the issue that has evolved from what this author will deem â€Å"incarceration for profit†. Although few individuals in the United States are aware of this practice, the fact of the matter is that it has grown from an isolated incidence to a multi-million dollar a year industry. The central issue can be explained as a system whereby overburdened municipalities cannot immediately afford the massive expense that is call ed for in order to build a new penitentiary system. As a way to bridge this gap while making a substantial profit, private firms enter into the equation and offer the municipality a joint venture which is oftentimes hard to resist. These firms offer to front the necessary capital to build the facility as well as staff it with private contracting security firms. The catch then comes as the municipality agrees to an extended lease of the facility. Although at face value this may seem an ingenious way for a private firm to work to alleviate the strains that a municipality may have with relation to prison overcrowding, it is however slightly more sinister than one would at first presume. Due to the fact that a private firm now has the stake in the criminal justice system, a system that arguably the state and the state alone should have prevued over, the interests of rehabilitation and reform are placed as secondary to overall profit (Brickner et al. 11). Such a situation is counter to t he very foundations of what the criminal justice system is supposed to provide to society.  In this way, incarceration has become the primary focus of policymakers and local leaders whereas the needs of those incarcerated as well as the secondary objectives of rehabilitation and reform are all but forgotten in a drive to provide more â€Å"bed space† for existing and incoming offenders.   This issue has been compounded by a host of policy decisions; some of these are beyond the scope of this individual analysis.   However, two of the complicating factors will be discussed at greater length within this analysis.

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2010 Term Paper

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in 2010 - Term Paper Example The last fifty years saw seen the enactment of serious health reforms including Medicare and Medicaid. The two have improved access to healthcare for the entire country’s citizens. The success of these reform policies serves as a benchmark for all future health reforms. However, as mentioned earlier not all reform policies have succeeded to this date despite the tireless self-dedication of many people. The (NHI) National Health Insurance is one of these policies. Discussions by historians help to point out why some policies have proven to be successful whereas others have not (Harry, 2010). The policy formulation stage is the first stage in the public policy making process. Analysis of problems and solutions occurs during this stage in the agenda setting process (Mark, 2012). Also, discussed are the reasons that could have led to the dire need for a reform to be implemented (Copeland, 2011). In this case, successful Medicare and Medicaid reforms; the need arose from the increa sed suffering of many citizens who had limited success to healthcare. Access to proper medical care is extremely expensive and not most low income earners can afford it. The responsibility of provision of adequate healthcare to the citizens lies with the government. One of the defining aspects of a successful government is its ability to cater for its people especially in the health department. This is because a healthy population directly translates into a healthy workforce. The economic success of the entire nation depends on its citizens (Harry, 2010). There also existed an international outcry from the international community. Organizations like (WHO) World Health Organization and the (UN) United Nations have a list of expectations for all its member states. Provision of adequate healthcare is one of these requirements. USA, just like all other countries had to ensure their policies were in line with these expectations (Lambert, 2010). The need for NHI arose from the countryâ₠¬â„¢s need to equip all its citizens with health insurance. This meant that even the poor could afford such a service. The American constitution considers all men equal and from this perspective all citizens are rightful owners of the country’s resources. NHI is more complex than the other two successful reform policies making it hard to implement. Trials for its implementation have failed time and again because of these problems. Ideological differences are one of the key milestones yet to be conquered (House, 2008). Karl Marx, a prominent sociologist, explained such behaviors in his conflict theory. He advanced in it that conflict when people of the ruled or subordinate class seek to improve their economic status and move up to the ruling class (Foster, 2010). Naturally those in the ruling class would view this as a threat and conflict would ensue. In the case of the NHI, the two groups would have opposed ideologies. The affluent would advocate for the national resources to be directed to other ventures that would benefit them. On the other hand, the under privileged would demand for the resources to be directed towards ventures that would ease their economic hardships (Lambert, 2010). Bureaucracy comes with increased levels of development within a country. The strength of interest groups has to be solicited (Vivar, 2011). These groups prove most influential especially in the enactment phase of the reform policy. They can

Psle in Singapore Debate Essay Example for Free

Psle in Singapore Debate Essay In this commentary, I chose my artefact as a newspaper article on PSLE stress because of many reasons. 1) I had always harbored a strong interest on what everyone is saying about this hot topic and it seemed very interesting, stating just one problem that Singapore currently face. 2) Other than that, it is a topic that is easy to research, unlike some historic things which are little-mentioned (e.g. the banana note, the merdeka talks,etc) 3) Last but not least,it is a topic that is widely discussed on and more sources can be found My view on the issue of PSLE Singaporeans have long since been debating whether to remove PSLE. I personally do not think that PSLE should be removed. On the issue of abolishing PSLE, my concern is if we do not have the PSLE, when it comes to the entrance to secondary schools, how do you decide who goes to which school? I sometimes wish we were a bit like Hogwarts in Harry Potter, where you have the sorting hat that decides which house you go to. But in reality, we do not have a sorting hat and how do we decide who goes to which school? If you did not do it according to grades and scores, how would you do it? Another way would be to do it geographically, where you go into the secondary school nearest to your home, but if you did that, everybody will be fighting to be in the primary school near the secondary school you want to be in. PSLE assess how much you have learnt over the six years in primary school and then allocates you to a secondary school according to your abilities and/or choice. If you remove it, you might as well say to remove all exams. On abolishing PSLE, lets presume we do away with it, then how do we decide who goes to which school? If which school you are going is decided on does the Principal know your father or your mother? then its not a very meritocratic system nor is it acceptable. It is totally, I think, against Singapore’s system. If it is to be decided by the distance and you live very near a very good school, can you imagine the pressure to enter a primary school that is near the secondary school you want to go to. If a sudent had done very badly, but he or she stays very near a good secondary school, he would get in, but a person who did better and stays lets say 10km away would not be able to enter if according to that policy. Imagine how disappointed he or she will feel. One question, is that fair? No doubt many people would say it is not.There is a whole range of scenarios that will come up if Singapore removes PSLE as the sorting exam. The question is how will Singapore deal with it? The real angst about PSLE is the pressure, and the real reason why you have the pressure is that parents perceive that certain schools will give the advantage of getting into university. So, the answer would maybe be to try to make sure that across the board, every school is a good school and that society should change their mindset that a child needs to get into a good school in order to get into university ( which acoording to a survey, is a goalfor many paents. One of the goals of the Singapore government would be ( I think)to make sure that no matter which school students go to, you have a chance to get into a university and even if you do not get into a university, the other options are also pathways to success. I hope that under this system, each person can be the best he or she can be, whether or not that person has a university degree. Why is PSLE bad? 1)Poor education system However, just because I do not think PSLE should be removed doesn’t mean that I totally think it should remain the same. I think, PSLE should not have such a big effect on what type of school a secondary student goes to. In PSLE, the focus tends to be on the aggregate score, which reports each students overall performance in comparison with the entire cohort. Its called a T-score, or transformed score. Its derived through a certain computation and basically provides a ranking of the entire cohort.* The T-score itself doesnt actually tell the student how well he has performed in each subject or across all the subjects. In affect, it is a queue number. Thus, I think, to put the stress off the students shoulder a little. PSLE should form only about 35% of the final grades. This system also has its benefits as the students will not be so focused on the final examination. They might slack for five years and only start to really work when they are in primary 6. I have the same opinion on all the other major exams too. Also, more weight should be placed on continual assessments, conducted on every semester. Everything is more manageable when it is broken into small parts. This will reduce stress amongst students, and allow individual topics to get the attention deserved. Right now, PSLE encourages parents and students to â€Å"spot† possible exam questions, and prepare for those to the exclusion of all else. If every years mark have a large part in the final grade, the students will be more encouraged to work hard and it will be more competitive, resulting in better and smarter young Singaporeans, allowing the country to prosper more. This can happen if we followed the education system that I mentioned other than using other means like, tuition, etc 2)Encourages poor methods of studying Also, PSLE studying and actual learning have had a bad divorce. The methods common to passing PSLE are: †¢ Ask how, not why. †¢ Dont experiment or try to be original. Follow whats worked before, and just copy. †¢ Learn only exam topics. Treat everything else as unimportant. †¢ Memorize model answers, as if theyre cheat codes for a video game. Teachers who try to stray from the path are hammered down. Theres no room for exploration, discourse, or general knowledge. Its not that students are unaware of this. They know these are bad teaching methods. But the importance of PSLE results overshadows their awareness. When an exam threatens to determine most of a childs future, fear drives the curriculum (this has happened to me before) On the topic of tuition Ideally, the aim of the education system is that you should be able to pass your exams without tuition. That said, many parents still think that it is necessary for children to have tuition in order for them to do better; not in all the schools but certainly in a percentage of them. My view is that it should not be the case that because you cannot afford tuition you should not be able to pass your exam, which is why MOE has introduced the Learning Support Programmes in schools, mentioned by Minister of education minister Heng at the last Committee Of Supply Debate. The schools are putting a lot more resources to help students who have difficulty with subjects to help them level up. People generally think that Singapore has a good education system and that we are not deprived of a good education. But I do get the sense that many people think that the learning field is not level. The running track (describing the field in which where Singaporeans learn) is the same for everybody. It is just that those from the less affluent backgrounds are coming on with the plain sneakers and the one from the better affluent ones are coming with the branded sneakers which give you more comfort and support. The idea is that, if the playing field is not equal because there are some students who come from families with better resources, then for those students who do not come from families with better resources, at least you help them to level up so that they get a chance to do well. How can Singaporeans adopt a less stressful approach to the PSLE? I like to make a distinction between status and stature. Status is about our relative importance or merit in comparison to other people, who might or might not be better than yourself; assessment sometimes will tell us about academic status. In contrast, stature is inherent, not comparative. Its about doing the best that you can, and recognising your intrinsic potential. Assessment should also help us develop our stature, and not our status. I know from my own experience how a drop of status badly affects my confidence. I hope this for every teacher and parent: To think and work hard about raising the stature of your children, and not just try to raise their status. Conclusion My conclusion for this is that the PSLE should not be scrapped but should be changed to a better and less stressful exam. So, the format should be changed to one more like the O levels. In the O levels, how well you do within a grade does not matter, just as long you get that particular grade. Once you score an A1, you will not be disadvantaged when compared to a student who has scored A1 with a higher score. I think this should be the model system for the PSLE. Thus , I end my commentary and hope (emphasis) you have enjoyed reading it.

Monday, July 22, 2019

Patriotic reverence for the history Essay Example for Free

Patriotic reverence for the history Essay Patriotic reverence for the history of a nation often does more to impede than toencourage progress History always brings with itself lots of experience. People always learn from their past. Butis relying on the history nation the right path to progress? Does our past always teach us theright lessons? What we do today will be past someday. Does that mean we will always end updoing right if we follow our history. The answer is no. Showing high patriotic reverencecannot always be the right path for a nation’s progress. Relying on history for our current needs would be nothing more than intuition. The situationwe have at our hands can be very different from that experienced in the past. The demandthen becomes to handle it with new ways and techniques. For example maintaining peace inthe world today is the most important factor for any country’s progress. If we look at history,nations earlier had a tendency to acquire and conquer as much as they can. The Germans inthe World War II killed millions of people in their neighboring countries in thirst of more andmore power. The world has witnessed many wars that have hampered progress. Thus theneed of the hour for all nations is to sit down and talk. Nations now need to have a friendlyattitude towards each other for maintaining progress. Nations have signed peace treaties,which includes the nuclear proliferation treaties. The nations have now started thinking of progress on a global prospective. The economic progress of a nation particularly developing countries has also been verydifferent from the past. The trends and graphs are very different from that in the past. Thecorporate world has been developing and expanding exponentially. The economic market isnow governed by new rules with no excerpts from the past. So, the demand of the hour cannot be met by completely relying on the past. But just learningfrom our experiences. If we refer to our past, we need to draw proper analogies between thetwo time variant situations. But this can be a very difficult task as the scenario and theessence of things for todays world are completely different.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Processes of Polyadenylation

Processes of Polyadenylation DNA once transcribed into mRNA it is transported to the cytoplasm. All mRNA’s including specific unspliced mRNA precursors contain the poly A tail with histon mRNA as an exception. But once they are transported to the cytoplasm there exist a poly (A) tail shift that is brought about by the degradation by RNases and rebuilding by cytoplasmic poly (A) polymerase. Discovery: James Darnell and his coworkers carried out various experiments to study and understand the process of polyadenylation. To begin with, they concentrated on the isolation of the poly (A) tail from the newly synthesized mRNA of the HeLa cell line using two subtypes of the enzyme RNase. The enzymes were; 1. RNase A which function as nucleases that cut after the pyrimidine nucleotides C and G and 2. RNase T1 which cuts after G nucleotides. Both these enzymes together helped in selection of pure runs of A’s. They then carried out centrifugation to separate the nucleus and cytoplasm to separate them according to their sizes and exposed them to the scintillation counter. The results obtained showed that both peaks of the nucleus and cytoplasm electrophoresed even slower than the 4S-tRNA and 5S-rRNA markers used (size markers). It also confirms the little difference in size that exist between the nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNA poly (A)’s. Position confirmation: To confirm the 3-prime position of the poly (A) tail they subjected mRNA to an enzyme RNase. On complete digestion it yielded one molecule of adenosine and about 200 molecules of AMP. This result also aided in concluding the size of the poly (A) tail to be about 200 nucleotides long but recent advances and studies have confirmed the size of the poly (A) tail to be about 250nt long. Activity of poly (A) polymerase: Furthermore it had to confirmed that the poly A tail hadn’t come from DNA transcription as the DNA doesn’t contain long runs of T’s. Therefore being a post transcription modification it stresses on the activity of the poly (A) polymerase that adds AMP residues one at a time to the mRNA synthesized during the transcription process. This can be confirmed with the use of actinomycin D that inhibits DNA-directed transcription but doesn’t inhibit polyadenylation. Role of the poly (A) tail: 1. Protects mRNA from degradation – Michel Revel and his colleagues studied the same by injecting globin mRNA with and without poly A tail into Xenopus oocyes and measured the rate of its synthesis at various intervals. They found a little difference at first but after 6 hours only the mRNA without the poly (A) tail couldn’t support translation. The simplest explanation they gave regarding the same was that the mRNA with the poly (A) tail had a longer shelf life therefore its protective in nature. 2. Stimulates translation of the attached mRNA- Poly (A)-binding protein (PAB 1) in eukaryotes boost the efficiency of the mRNA translation. This is confirmed by the invitro experiment that contained a capped and poladenylated mRNA excess poly (A) tails. When comparing with the control that lacked the excess poly (A) tails lower rates of translation was observed. This suggested that the free poly (A) tails competed with the poly (A) tails on the mRNA. Another control confirmed that in the absence of the mRNA the transciption rates were very low as it can’t bind to PAB1 efficiently. David Munroe and Allan Jacobson studied the effect of both capping and polyadenylation on the transcription of two synthetic mRNA’s(rabbit ÃŽ ² globin gene-RBG and vesicular stomatitis virus N gene –VSN.N under the influence of phage SP6 promoter) in rabbits reticulocytes. a) Polysome profi les. Munroe and Jacobson mixed  32P-labeled poly(A)1 (blue) and 3H-labeled poly(A)2 (red) mRNA with a  rabbit reticulocyte extract, then separated polysomes from monosomes by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The arrow  denotes the monosome peak; fractions to the left of this peak are  polysomes, and one can see the disome, trisome, and even higher  polysome peaks. The poly(A)1 mRNA is clearly better at associating  mRNA stability and translatability. The Basic Mechanism: Polyadenylation is assumed to occur either at the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end of the primary transcript synthesized or at the polyadenylation site upsteam to the last coding site of the transcript. But polyadenylation begins even before the transcripts is synthesized as it involves a pre-transcriptional step of clipping of mRNA and then adding poly(A) tail to the newly exposed 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end. Thus the RNA polymerase can still be functioning as somewhere upstream the polyadenylation apparatus has already located a signal which can cut the mRNA upstream and polyadenylate it. Nevins and Darnell eliminated the first hypothesis by creating hybrids of radioactive RNA made in cells late in infection to DNA fragments of the major late region. If transcription halted at the first few genes after the first polyadenylation sites then much more transcripts would bind to the 5à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end rather than the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end of the major late region. But it was seen that the RNA hybridized equally to both the ends confirming that once the transcription of the late gene has begun it runs all the way as there is only one transcription terminator at the end of the gene. Thus this region can be called as a transcription unit due to its ability to be transcribed as a whole though it contains multiple genes. They also went on to confirm the clipping of the mRNA pre translation. Erhard Hofer and James Darnell isolated labeled globin encoding RNA that was induced by dimethyl sulphoxide-DMSO and hybridized it to the ÃŽ ²-globin gene and regions downstream to the gene. They observed hybridization to fragments within the ÃŽ ²-globin gene and upto 500 bp downstream to the polyadenylation site. Thus confirming that transcription terminated about 500 bp beyond the polyadenylation site in both cellular and viral transcripts. Hofer and Darnell isolated nuclei from DMSO-stimulated Friend  erythroleukemia cells and incubated them with [32P]UTP to label  run-on RNA—mostly globin pre-mRNA. Then they hybridized this  labeled RNA to DNA fragments A–F, whose locations and sizes are  given in the diagram at top. The molarities of RNA hybridization to  each fragment are given beneath each, with their standard deviations  (s.d.). In the physical map at top, the exons are in red and the introns  are in yellow. Polyadenylation signals: The polyadenylation signals depends on the kind of cell that is being transcribed. The signaling process of plants and animals also differ. At the DNA level in mammalian cells the 20 bp- ‘AATAAA’ sequence was discovered as the polyadenylation sequence by various molecular biologist in 1981. And at the RNA level, in mammalian and plants cells the ‘AAUAAA’ sequence about 20-nt upstream of their poly (A) is considered as the polyadenylation sequence. Another common variant ‘AUUAAA’ is also 80% efficient as ‘AAUAAA’. The other variants are less efficient and less common. Molly Fitzgerald and Thomas Shenk studied the importance of the RNA polyadenylation site. They created a recombinant SV40 virus with duplicate polyadenylation sequence 240 bp apart and carried out an S1 assay. They then carried out an S1 assay of the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end which showed two signals 240 bp apart confirming the activity of both the sites. They then deleted one of the two polyadenylation sites one at a time and carried out the S1 assay again. The inserted polyadenylation site beyond the pre-mRNA couldn’t function if the site within the pre-mRNA was absent. Several other scientist studied this phenomenon and discovered another sequence present immediately downstream to the polyadenylation recognition site that affects polyadenylation. But the difficulty in further discovery of details regarding the same was difficult as this wasn’t a conserved sequence among invertebrates. This region was usually found to be a GU- or U- rich region 20 bp downstream to the polyadenylation recognition site. Anna Gil and Nicholas Proudfoot studied this hypothesis in detail and observed the following results: Added an extra copy of the whole polyadenylation signal upstream and carried out an S1 assay. This cloned DNA showed 90% efficiency. Deleted the 35-bp fragment containing the GU- and U- rich region. Polyadenylation process was hampered which explains its importance. Reconstructed clones containing either a GU- rich or a U- rich region. These clones showed however only 30% efficiency. Clones GU- and U- rich regions by an excess of 5-bp sequence between them. These clones showed only 30% efficiency confiming the importance of the spacing between them. Based on all these manipulations they concluded that for an efficient polyadenylation signal; (a)A polyadenylation recognition motif ‘AAUAAA’ followed by (b)A 23-25-bp GU-rich motif downstream immediately followed by (c) A U- rich motif. POLY (A) POLYMERASE: The poly (A) polymerase (PAP) was discovered by James Manley in 1991. He cloned their genome and discovered two different cDNA’s that had variable 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ends due to two alternative splicing methods giving rise to two different PAP’s (PAP-à Ã¢â‚¬  , PAP-à Ã‚  [the most important], four additional PAP). They differ in the amino acids sequences present at their carboxy termini but the PAB-à Ã‚  consists of consensus sequences that overlap with the known functional sequences of proteins. The genome consists of :1. RNA-binding domain (RBD), 2. Polymerase module (PM), 3. Two nuclear localization signals (NLS-1 and NLS-2), 4. Serine/Threonine-rich regions S/T. Polyadenylation at the amino terminal. The mRNA is polyadenylated before leaving the cytoplasm as well as after entering the cytoplasm. However these two adenylations could be distinguished by Sheiness and Darnell due to their slight difference in size. They confirmed the same by carrying out various assays against the isolated mRNA that was grown in labeled RNA for 48 hours. The nuclear RNA, cytoplasmic RNA, and 5sRNA marker showed peaks as seen in the figure alongside. The major peaks thus obtained are 210 ±20nt and 190 ±20nt for the nuclear and cytoplasmic poly (A) tail respectively. About 50nt RNA’s are present in this broad peak. Maurice Sussman, in 1970 gave the ‘ticketing’ hypothesis which encompasses the theory of each RNA having a ticket to gain entry to the ribosome and further ticket punching everytime it got translated. Thus after a particular limit, it can’t longer undergo protein synthesis which another reason for the shortening of the poly (A) tail. Thus the 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end shortening of the poly(A) tail clearly depends on the some other factor other than translation or the ticket like some post-transcriptional modification. It has been observed that the poly(A) tail has not only been shortened in the cytoplasm but it also turns over. This inverted poly(A) tail is susceptible to RNase degradation and elongation by the cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase simultaneously. This continues till the mRNA looses all or almost all of the nuclear poly(A) tail. This happens when its almost time for the demise of the mRNA. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation This process is best studied in Xenopus oocytes. Administration of progesterone to their oocytes cause stimulation of the deadenylation of maternal mRNA’or maternal message. Polyadenylation the actual process: The process involves the recognition of that conserved polyadenylation motif, RNA cleavage and polyadenylation. Pre mRNA cleavage: The proteins responsible for this cleavage are: Shrenk and his colleagues carried out various experiments confirming the importance of these cleavage factors. Cleavage polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF)- Its one of the most important factors. Its subunit CPSF-73is related to ELAC that cleaves pre-tRNA’s to generate their 3à ¡Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-end. They are known as ÃŽ ²-lactamase superfamily of Zn (as they contain 2 Zn ions at their active site necessary for RNase activity) dependent hydrolases. Cleavage stimulating factor (CSF) – Its one of the most important ones. It bindings to the GU- rich region, together and stably. Cleavage factors (CF à Ã¢â‚¬   and CF à Ã‚ )- The poly (A) polymerase- This immediate coupling is so strong that no cleaved unpolyadenylated RNA’s can be found. The RNA polymerase à Ã‚ (containing the carboxy terminal domain-CTD and its phosphorylation status). Yukata Hirose and James Manley expressed CTD as a fusion protein with glutathionine-s transferase. They then purified the protein by glutathionine affinity chromatography and the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms were exposed to the cleavage assay with adenovirus L3 pre-mRNA. The results obtained confirmed that (a) the activity of CTD is independent of transcription and (b) After incubating the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of the enzyme along with all the other cleavage factors showed that the phosphorylated forms five times batter cleavage. This can be explained as the phosphorylated form of CTD is present in the polymerase à Ã‚  that carries out transcription. Polyadenylation initiation: Once the pre-mRNA is cleaved using the factors described above its polyadenylation process takes place in two phases. The first initiations phase consists of the slow addition of the first 10 A’s. This phase depends on the ‘AAUAAA’ signal. The second phase is independent of the initial ‘AAUAAA’ signal but it depends on the existing 10 A’s added to the pre-mRNA. This phase involves rapid addition of about 200 or more A’s along the length, thus called elongation. The initiation signal that carries out polyadenylation is none other than the cleavage signal which attracts the cleavage enzyme that specifically recognizes the AAUAAA motif and cuts the RNA 20 nucleotide downstream. This thaught was discarded because as the cleavage enzyme prior to polyadenylation has already cut the downstream GU-rich and U-rich sequence. Thus it’s this 8 nucleotide GU/U-rich sequence post the AAUAAA motif that brings about this adenylation. Marvin Wickens and his colleagues used two parameters (a) a poly (A) polymerase and (b) a specificity factor CPSF that binds to the pre mRNA. Both these factors work well when substrates are in high concentration but the assay carried out was using low substrate concentrations. The figure alongside explains their experiments, Lane 1- shows no polyadenylation by poly (A) polymerase by itself in low concentrations of substrates, Lane 2- shows no polyadenylation as the CPSF alone can’t detect the AAUAAA motif, Lane 3- shows polyadenylation with both factors together and Lane 4- shows that both factors can’t polyadenylate a substrate with an aberrant signal like AAUAAA. But however this dependency is temporary i.e. after the addition of the first 10 nucleotides it enters the elongation phase that’s independent of these two factors. ELONGATION OF POLY (A) TAIL: While studying the fact that the initiation is independent of the CPSF factor, another interesting fact came to be known that a purified poly (A) polymerase could carry out elongation very poorly on its own. Whale further explored this by designing experiments which consisted of purification of the poly (A) polymerase and its polyadenylation capability comparison in various conditions. Purification of the poly (A) polymerase using PAGE gave two fractions – a major 49-kD polypeptide (PAB-à Ã¢â‚¬  ) as well as a minor 70kD polypeptide (PAB-à Ã‚ ). This latter band however was found to have a variable nature and was even absent in some preparations. Whale’s experiments further showed high activity of this 49-kD polypeptide coinciding with high activity of the poly (A) polymerase using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay. He also tested this fraction’s capability of polyadenylation in the presence of the CPSF and poly (A) polymerase and found the same results. He therefore named this fraction as poly (A) binding proteinà Ã‚  (PAB- à Ã‚ ). Thus he confirmed that PAB-à Ã‚  acts like CPSF but binds to poly (A) polymerase instead of the AAUAAA motif on the RNA. Its activity is high only in the elongation phase but is found absent in the initiation phase. He carried out another experiment to find the interdependence of these two factors with their interdependence on the polyadenylation process using the poly (A) polymerase. When either CPSF or PAB-à Ã‚  was added to a solution that contained mRNA and poly (A) polymerase, the polyadenylation process was found to be active. But it showed higher polyadenylation capabilities in presence of both the factors. Thus this whole process can be summarized by the proposed figure below:-

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Conflict Theory Essay -- Black Man, Minorities, Correctional System

According to Robbins et al (2006), there are various concepts that are important in understanding conflict theory. These concepts include conflict, power, minority, and change. Demico Booth writes and reflects on the various aspects of his life that occurred during his incarceration, release and re incarceration. Throughout Booth’s book he reflects on why the percentage of Black men in prison continues to grow at alarming rates. Through the concepts associated with conflict theory the events leading up to Booths incarceration on both occasions can be analyzed. â€Å"Conflict is a clash or struggle between opposing forces or interests,† (Robbins et al, 2006, p.66). Throughout this time in his life Booth had to experience various clashes and struggles with people and system that he had no control over. The first direct conflict Booth had to experience was with his father. Booth was forced to provide for his younger siblings because he father and stepmother were drug addicts. Instead of being worried about providing for their family his parents were worried about sustaining their habits. What started as a positive scapegoat for Booth turned out to be a negative one. As Booth (2006) states: They would give him some crack on credit, and he and my stepmother would lock themselves in their bedroom and get high. By me being the oldest of my siblings, this especially affected me because I knew what was going on. And since my needs were greater than my younger siblings, I decided to go out and get a job so I could make some money to buy food and clothes for myself and for my brothers and sisters (p.15). Booth continues explaining this conflict by making it clear that in his father’s eyes he providing for his siblings was not a... ...standards and are on the same playing field in all aspects. As Fred McKissack (2008), questions â€Å"Exactly how can we be in post-racial America when nearly 40 percent of black children under the age of 5 live at or below the poverty line? How are we in post-racial America when the level of school segregation for Hispanics is the highest in the forty years and segregation of blacks is back to levels not seen since the late 1960s?† McKissack (2008) also points out that the employment rate for blacks has been twice that for whites and in 2006, 20.3% percent of blacks were not covered by health insurance, compared to only 10.8 percent of whites. In conclusion in order to consider itself a post racial society the United States must work on improving things such as education, healthcare, and unemployment for African Americans as well as other minorities.

Sounding the Oirish: OBrien versus Synge :: Essays Papers

Sounding the Oirish: O'Brien versus Synge "Synge was perhaps the most monstrous phony and buffeon ever to enter our celtic toilet, but he won international fame and money because foreigners extracted strange meanings and nuances from the language he used." Flann O'Brien was a writer obsessed with both nationhood and language, and saw the two as inextricably entwined. Nowhere was this more apparent than in his writings under the pseudonym of Myles na Gopaleen. One particular target of O'Brien's scorn was J. M. Synge's Playboy of the Western World. O'Brien felt that with the success of Synge's play, the stage-Irishman as he appeared in Dion Boucicault's works of the mid-1800s had become the prime symbol of Irishness (although, it may be argued, both Boucicault and Synge are putting forward a subversive version of the stage Irishman who had been a staple part of English drama for centuries). The main thrust of O'Brien's knife is this: "The set-up is this. These people turn angrily on the British and roar: 'How dare you insult us with your stage Irishman, a monkey-faced leering scoundrel in ragged knee-breeches and a tail coat, always drunk and threatening anybody in sight with his shillelagh? We can put together a far better stage Irishma n ourselves, thank you. The Irish Stage Irishman is the best in the world.'" The pig-in-the-kitchen image of Ireland was, as far as O'Brien was concerned, the main effect of the nationalistic firing of half-cocked muskets. Rather than subverting the English stage Irishman, Boucicault, Synge and their ilk merely augmented its dubious itinerary (I never said that the pro-subversion argument was a winning one). The crippling stroke O'Brien applies to Synge deals exclusively with language: "[T]he worst was Synge. Here we had a moneyed dilettante coming straight from Paris to study the peasants of Aran not knowing a syllable of their language, then coming back to pour forth a deluge of homemade jargon all over the Abbey stage ..." From such jargon has emerged such wondrous entertainments as Darby O'Gill and the Little People, The Quiet Man, and even the recent offerings Far and Away and Waking Ned (add to this truncated role of dishonour umpteen others, and don't forget that amadan in Braveheart). Although Synge may have had subversive intentions, the legacy such work has given us is not subversive at all. Instead it bedecks the politics of colonialism with praties, shillelaghs, and a bottle of the aul' poitin.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Euthanasia In The United States :: Free Essay Writer

Euthanasia in the United States Every year two million people die in North America. Chronic illness, such as cancer or heart disease, accounts for two of every three deaths. It is estimated that approximately seventy percent of these people die after a decision is made to forgo life-sustaining treatment (Choice in Dying). In America and all around the world, the ongoing debate is whether patients should have the opportunity to implement this critical alternative of euthanasia. Although controversial, it is imperative that United States citizens are not denied this right to a humane death. Groups in opposition to euthanasia say that patients who yearn to make this decision are neither in a healthy psychological state of mind nor have the God-willing right to do so. These groups feel if euthanasia were to become a publicly accepted option to the terminally ill that physicians, family, and even patients may abuse it. They also strongly support modern end-of-life treatment, known as pall iative care, as a more logical and moral option. Perhaps the strongest belief that euthanasia is wrong comes from those who follow the words of the Bible and believe that every aspect of life belongs to God. The Old Testament records an incident involving King Saul of Israel, who became seriously wounded on the battlefield. Fearing the advancing enemy, Saul took his own sword and tried to fall against it. He cried to a soldier, â€Å"Come and put me out of my misery for I am in terrible pain but life lingers on.† The soldier acted in accordance with the wishes of the king and killed him. The soldier then brought some of Saul’s armor to David and said, â€Å"I killed him, for I knew he couldn’t live.† David ordered the soldier put to death (Eareckson, 111). Those who believe in the Bible clearly see here that, whether a monarch or a common person, mercy killing is perceived as iniquitous in the Lord’s eyes. To see a more recent example of the Cathol ic Church’s disagreement of euthanasia we only have to look back a few years. In 1994, for instance, the Dutch television station IKON’s filming of the death of a man with Lou Gehrig’s disease in a documentary, â€Å"Death on Request,† brought a denunciation from the Vatican (Branegan, 30). Equally important to those supporting the anti-euthanasia cause is the thought of any physician, family member or patient who would abuse this right if given the chance.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Praise of the Scribe

Praise of the Scribe’s Profession Written by Cynthia Washington, Student And U. S. , Africa and World History 201, Section 1 Tuesdays and Thursdays 9:25-10:40 September 6, 2012 From what the reader know, and what historians know Egypt is one of the greatest civilizations to ever emerge in this world. A society ruled by divine kingship, and belief in polytheism. It was not because of what the Egyptians did but more so of what was left behind for other readers and educators to see. Considering the fact that the Egyptians established a very unique language and writing system also called hieroglyphics, the Egyptians had to establish a private society due to the fact that no other person was higher than the Scribes, who were the intellectuals of ancient Egypt. While reading a few selections from Praise of the Scribe’s Profession, the reader was highly intrigued and established that firstly, the Scribes’ profession was strictly part of the professional class, secondly, well respected amongst the Egyptian society and lastly, the Scribes recorded history. Ancient Egyptians major accomplishment was the art of learning. Being able to read and write was a huge advancement in the world made by the Egyptians which is why the Scribes were held so high in class. Many Egyptians felt the need to actually praise the profession of the scribe which the reader found very interesting because the writer uses many persuasive and attention grasping sayings and ideas. The writer believes that the Scribe is who every person should befriend and respect because he who writes is more pleasing than anything else including ointment, clothing, and other necessities. Not only does the reader completely understand why the Ancient Egyptians held such a high standard and respect for the Scribes intellect but also realizes why now in today’s society why many educators respect the Ancient Egypt history and architectural skills. As the reader continues on with the selections from Praise of the Scribe’s Profession, she also realizes the respect that Egyptians have for the Scribes. There was definitely a part that stood out to the reader in the selection on the advice to give the unwilling pupil. The writer pointed out that the Egyptians truly honored and respected writing so much that it was believed to be more enjoyable than a mother’s giving birth. The reader was stunned after reading that piece of the writing because a mother giving birth is by far one of the greatest acknowledgments and truly respected now in the today’s world and is presented in everyday lives of many as well as in the media. Writing in the reader’s society is respected but not held with as much pride and respect as back when the Ancient Egyptians was sharing the craft of learning. While the reader further her knowledge on the Scribes she comes to be very interested in the way others was described as being worthless due to the lack of interest in its craft. The reader came across some insightful things the royal scribe had once said and she also realized the respect that was expected from others. In other words all occupations are bad except that of the scribe. It is quite believable that most of all the readers that know about ancient Egypt are from what the scribes wrote themselves. Which is why being a scribe meant that the Egyptian men were truly respected amongst the Egyptian society and were part of the professional class as well. Lastly, the scribes have definitely recorded history with their crafts. The Egyptians valued their scribes, as well as what the Egyptian men have written down. The reader believes that if Egypt did not discover the education system that it had, which the writer talks about in the passages that there would be no history. Historians would not know as much as many of those do now. From the scribes being able to read and write, and writing down every aspect of the life of living in Ancient Egypt, historians and readers are able to discover a great deal of history and interesting stories that was once told. The reader is amazed at entirely everything the she read and gained from the Praise of the Scribe’s Profession selections. Love writing, shun dancing then you become a worthy official really stuck with the reader throughout the selection. Scribes definitely made a major impact on today’s history and education. The Egyptians became great from the architecture and building of pyramids and temples, but mostly the development of the scribes. Egyptians have successfully prospered in the world from the bottom up in today’s learning and society also. The Egyptian scribes have influenced society during ancient times and now. From the material the reader has read about the Egyptian scribes, the men were very hard workers and highly dedicated towards the work that was presented. The reader came to a conclusion that the Egyptians, mainly the scribes have discovered new things that had not been discovered before such as the art of writing, mathematics, and many more. The reader is also very pleased with the selections from Praise of the Scribe’s Profession that was assigned. She can definitely agree that the Egyptians were idolized because of their distinct unique culture and discoveries that has enriched plenty of lives. This assignment did not only teach the reader about Scribes and Egyptians but it enlightened her with facts and a different respect for Egyptians and all of the hard work that was put into the art and craft of learning. Happy is the heart of him who writes, he is young each day is a great saying and the reader believes now in today’s world not only him who writes but her as well to be in a professional class, well respected, and to record as well as make history.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Swot: Nokia Mobile Exist

Strengths, helplessnesses, opportunities, and threats Which is the about meaning(a)? Why? How might your response neuter if you were the CEO of a corporation? What if you were a node of the menage? An employee? A provider? Answer The wonk system is one(a) of the nigh useful tools in analysing information and information from the fellowship. By using this SWOT tool, company ordain know itself clear that which part is powerful, what to alter, what more can do and what to challenge.In my opinion, Threats is the most essential overall because if there is no threats any more, companies will not be worried about the cadence of sales. For example, NOKIA (mobile phone), if there is just NOKIA mobile go in the mobile world without other(a) types mobile companies like SONY ERICSSON or SUMSONG, hence(prenominal) people definitely have to bargain NOKIA due to it is the only mobile company.As if I were the CEO of a corporation, I would throw Opportunities as the most most- valuable strategy when I used SWOT, because I assume to look for and make the opportunities for my company to ease the company gain more benefits. For example, company can increase its scale to go away a big-scale company by corporeal acquisition, and to do so, I, CEO of the company, need to research for the opportunities for it, thus I think Opportunities is the most important.I will choose Strengths as the most important strategy if I were the customer of the firm. As customer, I would like to par the products or services among several companies and then purchase for the greatest one. For example, sullying throw together care products, I will buy the product that I used as the most comfortable, soft and effective for my skin even if others are cheaper however, if I were the employee for the firm, I would say weakness is the most important for me.This is because I need to know what the weakness while Im working, and then I will try my best to fix and improve it. This can b e done by customer feedback and after-sale services. For being a supplier to the firm, I would look at the Threats first. This is because I have to make sure that firm will make orders from me and one of the important problem is the plenty of competitors. This make the Threats as the most important thing that I would face.

Research Essay

investigate II. The hard-hittingness of Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) as a soapII. The Feasibility of composition to give out article of piece of piece of furnitureIII. The capability of Talahib (genus Saccharum spotaneum) to become a cockroachThe forcefulness of Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) as a Cleaning element (Biologically- ground enquiry)Chapter 1 admissionA. Background of the look atIn our world, the taste of the chili was not famous to somewhat hatful because it is spicy, hot, and very less aroma when eaten alone because of its taste it is later on found step forward that chili was a good mosquito killer because of its pesticidal situation while kamias was to a fault use as spice up but it was dis get byed that it has properties such as astringent, stomachic, cold and anti scorbutic. Other inquiryers use kamias as drink but in this research the proponents was to test the properties of kamias harvest with chili as a mosquito killer.B. Statement of the conund rum* The researchers start out to landing field the effect of Malunggay leaves as a cleaning agent of common household stains. * The researchers withal suggest to study how Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) volition be move into a cleaning agent.Essential Questions* Can the Malunggay leaves be effective of being a Cleaning Agent? * Is there some(prenominal) or some differences amid the Malunggay leaves or commercials? * Are the Malunggay leaves unresolved of replacing commerciality?C. Hypotheses* The Malunggay leaves allow be effective when cleaning distinct kinds of stains, dirt, clutters, and large(p) odors * The Malunggay Cleaning Agent will be a with child(p) choice in cleaning diametric kinds of surfaces.D. Signifi spatece and immensity of the Research StudyThis particular(prenominal) and specific research study rear well contribute to the youthfulness generation, for them to be capable of derivation cleaning agents from different kinds of fixs, fruits, vegetab les and other(a) great alternatives. It is once again for the early days to develop their resourcefulness by development alternative plants as different functions in life. Research studies manage this also develops the value of open-mindedness to young researchers and if arrive to the correctly plant, this will serve as an customary use to clean common household stains.E. background knowledge and LimitationsOur research study is only trammel to the Malunggay plant and just the leaves of the Malunggay. This only occurs when the Malunggay leaves argon pounded and scrubbed on common and ordinary household stains.F. Definition of ground* Cleaning Agent a fragrant substance, liquid, is employ to remove dirt, dusts, stains, bad smells and molds in different kinds of substantialness surfaces * Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) a native plant from India. But right away and immediately spread to tropical regions. Malunggay was considered medicinal food, because it is easy in vitamins, nutrients and different kinds ofminerals. It is really helpful to those people who are suffering coughs and other diseases.The Feasibility of makeup to become furniture(School- Based Research)Chapter 1 gatewayA. Background of the StudyPaper refers to a tractile material made from pulped rags, woodswind instruments, and other related unconvincinggs, which is utilize to write on, wrap in or cover walls a single sheet of this, an official document, news melodic theme, prove or lecture, a set of examination questions, personal documents are made of composition.Paper is a thin material mainly use for writing, printing, drawing or packaging. It is produced by pressing in concert moist fibers, typically cellulose from woods.Paper is a versatile material with umpteen uses. Whilst the common is for writing and printing. It is also seldomly use as food ingredient in Asian Cultures.The oldest cognize archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern news motif publisher date to 2nd century BC in chinaware. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han romance eunuch. With paper an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, bestow to a Golden Age.Paper spread from China through the Middle East to medieval atomic number 63 in the 13th century, where the first water-powered paper mill were built. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of reading and contributing to significantcultural shifts. In 1844, Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and German F.G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibers.Furniture refers to the basic things, objects, and materials often used in everyday life such as chairs, tables, desks and other related things. These things are often made from wood, plastics, glass, brace and other sources. It refers to transportable objects intended to support assorted h umans activities such as sitting and sleeping. Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work.B. Statement of the business* The researchers aim to use paper from Sta. Clara Parish School (SCPS) and use waste papers to create different kinds of furniture. * The researchers also aim to study the factor of Reusing, Reducing and Recycling and service of process Schools to make use of bobble Papers to become effectual for people.Essential Questions* Can Paper be effective on making or creating different kinds of furniture? * Is there many or few differences between furniture made from paper and wood? * Can we make furniture out of paper and make it sturdy enough even when paper is used? * Is Paper capable of replacing furniture made from wood?C. Hypotheses* The researchers can say that Paper will be effective it can be turned into furniture. * The Paper Furniture will be a great alternative and it can be sturdy furniture.D. Significance and Importance of the Research StudyThis particular and specific research study can easily contribute to the youth generation, for them to be capable of deriving furniture from different kinds of things, objects, and materials. It is again for the Youth to develop their resourcefulness by using alternative things as different functions in life. Research studies like this also develops the value of open-mindedness to young researchers and if land tothe right object, this will serve as an everyday furniture in many peoples houses.E. oscilloscope and LimitationsOur research study is only limited at Sta. Clara Parish School Pasay. And only the used papers or waste papers that can help a program of the school called Waste Minimization computer program that is facilitated by the Student Coordinating Body (SCB). Waste Paper only occurs when a certain paper was already used and surely cannot be used again.F. Definition of Terms* Paper A fragile material made from wood mainly used for writing, drawing, graphi ng, printing, packaging and other uses. * Furniture These are the movable things that are made from wood. And commonly used for everyday activities such as sitting, eating in, sleeping, and other human activities for everyday. These examples are chairs tables, desks, bed and other.The Capability of Talahib (Saccharum Spotaneum) as a Cleaning Agent (Physically- Based Research)Chapter 1IntroductionA. Background of the Study roofy is a unidimensional collection of plies, yarns or strands which are twisted or braided unneurotic in order to cartel them into a big and unanimouser form. Ropes have tensile capacity and so can be used for draw and lifting, but are far too flexile to provide compressive strength. As a result, they cannot be used for pushing or similar compressive applications. Rope is thicker and stronger than likewise constructed cord, line, string, and twine.Rope may be constructed of any long, stringy, wiry material, butgenerally is constructed of certain natura l or synthetic fibres. Synthetic fibre ropes are significantly stronger than their natural fibre counterparts, but also give certain disadvantages, including slipperiness. Rope is of paramount importance in fields as diverse as construction, seafaring, exploration, sports, hangings, theatre, and communication theory and has been used since prehistoric times. In order to constrain rope, a large number of knots have been invented for interminable uses.Talahib (Saccharum Spotaneum) is a grass native to southeastward Asia. It is a coarse, erect and perennial grass, growing up to terzetto meters in height, with spreading rhizomatous grow Panicles are white and erect, measuring 15 to 30 centimetres long, with lean and entirely branches, the joints covered with soft white hair. gummed label are about 3.5 millimetres long, much shorter than the copious, long, white hairs at the base. In the Terai-Duar savannah and grasslands, a lowland eco-region at the base of the Himalaya range in Nepal, India, Bangladesh and Bhutan, Talahib grass quickly colonises exposed silt plains created each year by the retreating monsoon floods, forming almost pure stands on the lowest portions of the floodplain. It is also said that Talahib can be a great alternative medicine as well. In Siddha, the whole plant is used for diseases of vatam and pittam, vomiting and various abdominal disorders, mental diseases, dyspnoea, anemia and obesity. In Uttar Pradesh, paste disposed(p) from equal quantities of fresh roots of Cynodon dactylon and Saccharum spotaneum is given with cows milk and dough for leucorrhea, early morning for one month.B. Statement of the Problem* The researchers aim to study the effect of Talahib when used as a big moneyd, strengthened and tightened rope. * The researchers also aim to study how Talahib (Saccharum Spotaneum) will become or be bundled together as a rope.Essential Questions* Can the Talahib be used in making a strong rope?* How strong is the Talahib r ope if bundled and tightened together? * Is the Talahib rope capable of replacing the Synthetic Ropes?C. Hypotheses* The Talahib Rope will be strong, tightened and the researchers can make a bundle out of the Talahib Strands. * The Talahib Rope will be effective, efficient, useful and can be easily made.D. Significance and Importance of the Research StudyThis particular and specific research study can easily contribute to the youth generation, for them to be capable of deriving ropes from different kinds of plants and materials. It is again for the Youth to develop their resourcefulness by using alternative plants as different functions in life. Research studies like this also develops the value of open-mindedness to young researchers and if landed to the right plant, this will serve as an effective use in climbing, rescuing people and other activities that ropes are involved.E. Scope and LimitationsOur research study is only limited to the Talahib plant and just the strands of the Talahib that is harvested. This only occurs when Talahib strands are thin-like structures and can undergo the process of bundling or corporate trust together as one.F. Definition of Terms* Rope Rope is a linear collection of plies, yarns or strands which are twisted or braided together in order to combine them into a larger and stronger form * Talahib (Saccharum Spotaneum) is a grass native to South Asia. It is a coarse, erect and perennial grass, growing up to three meters in height, with spreading rhizomatous roots

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

Neher and Sandin

How does 1 and only(a) amaze to switch the sheath and applicative firmness to spot what is ethically undeniable in ones dis persist with others? In the naval forces we gather in an Ethos and office of it states, ace is the hind end of our conduct, delight in for others is extreme to our face, fateful leading is authoritative to our advantage. This mirrors in fall a office with what Newer and Sanding (2007) state, the somebody who has fair play or honorable char operationer relies on his or her up flop reasoned judgment to act ethically in apiece given over topographic point, (p. 7).I dont recall one is born(p) with the traits of a spotless person, these atomic number 18 learned with the actions of others especially the p atomic number 18nt. make up ones mind the exercising and do the right involvement tied(p) when you commend no one is feeling, I cant propound you how galore(postnominal) clock I grant verbalised these spoken communica tion to my Sailors and my boys. nevertheless I pretend a go at it it is my actions that twain argon scrutinizing. For example, I was at once offered to return a way attach as spot by a premiere enlighten petty larceny officeholder because he commented on how interfering he knew I was and was surely I had active the scat several(prenominal) quantify during my clock in the service.I right away responded with, that it wasnt needed for him to that and I would carry out the course bid he and the others in my part had make. afterward he told me he was test me because he was looking for a mentor. Actions announce volumes for your compositors case. As for the plunk for part of the question, I consider sheath and functional soundness ar actual through and through those we act with and experiences we have In life.We encourage matter-of-fact wiseness from either bit we are regard In and how we Andre the smudge develops our acknowledgment In the eye o f those who prevent our actions. As Aristotle stated, sound, virtual(a) information and sound character must(prenominal) endlessly be the gulled In these situations, (Newer & Sandal, 2007, p. 30).

Monday, July 15, 2019

Culture and Health Essay

A somebodys hereditary pattern encompasses the wide of the mark desktop of hereditary traditions, worship, and market-gardening. It shadower squ ar off the activities and behaviors that souls win from. inheritance is something that flock reserve a ascertain of who, what, where and how a soul fits into a ordination and develops ein truthwhere time. hereditary pattern portion out the gate be a backb champion(a) of psycheism that is cute by a genius soul or implicate a wider assort of individuals. umteen measure a hereditary pattern is something that is passed tweak by dint of the generations. wellness traditions foundation be a genuinely central musical composition of a heathen hereditary pattern.This subject forget be talk ofing the proceeds of applying a inheritance judicial decision in evaluating the bring of the unanimous somebody. Second, this story volition inspection training hive away through interviews from ternion fam ilies individu every last(predicate)y from a distinct finish. This member pull up stakes destination the differences in wellness traditions surrounded by the dis connatural market-gardenings, including wellness nourishment, wellness justification, and wellness recurrence. The tether glosss universe discussed hold Chinese, Latino and Ameri deal.The Ameri fag hereditary pattern is that of the writers and testament focalization on the actors worship of Mormonism. reciprocal wellness traditions forget be place and how families carry to these traditions and practices pull up stakes be discussed. The conclusion of this news report is to get along through a great reason of the hereditary pattern judgment scape, how wellness traditions whitethorn neuter in some separatewise elaborations and how families fill to traditions and practices. raft commence a varied ethnical inheritance that effect their article of faiths and traditions. It is weig hty to admiration separately individuals opposite inheritance.Rachael Spector ca utilise the inheritance discernment Tool, a questionnaire apply to evaluate an individuals hereditary pattern. When describing this irradiation it states, This educate of questions stern be apply to go over a stipulation affected roles or your consume ethnic, heathenish, and ghostlike heritage. It stinker attend you to set a heritage estimate to mold how profoundly a habituated soulfulness identifies with a token tradition. It is approximately profitable in orbit the show for correspondence a individuals wellness traditions ( heathen, 2012, sec. 3) The heritage judgement tool friends to train ones ethnic, religious and ultural background. When viewing predisposition to a unhurrieds grow it base create a approximate kin with them. sagacity the coating of a persevering is eventful for the nanny-goat so as to pr purport military service that fits the patient ofs wellness traditions. at once sentiments and culture ar set a deem batch jimmy those cultures and give heathenishly inhibit wish to the patient. community issue forth from incompatible cultures with contrastive heritage traditions, exceptionally when dealings with wellness. Nurses conceal to appraise these heathenish diversities.By exploitation a heritage assessment a restrain flock assure the call for of their patient. A individuals ethnical heritage, religion, and /or beliefs, greatly influences a persons solvent to medical checkup commission and their wellness traditions (Spector, 2009). When facial expression at wellness heritage, one demand to smell at handed-d featureistic wellness methods utilize to deem, cling to, and amend wellness. These terzetto methods stick out been set forth as follows, wellness fearthe traditional beliefs and practices, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as cursory wellness-related activities, diet, exercise, rest, and c holehing, applyd to stay fresh wellness.wellness shieldthe traditional beliefs and practices about(predicate) what should be through with(p) on special do or on an ongoing solid ground for health trade protection, such as fodder taboos and draining amulets. wellness restorationthe traditional beliefs and practices concerning the activities, such as the design of folk remedies and healers, that must(prenominal) be apply to bear upon health (Cultural, 2012, sec. Selected Cultural caveat Terms). triad individuals from antithetical cultures energise been interviewed to discuss their views on these health methods ground on their heritage and traditions.Those trinity cultures accept Chinese, Latino, and Ameri scum bag. In the Chinese culture, the mint regard that herbs and later onnoon teatime leaf be crucial in the mend and maintaining of ones body. To attend with health maintenance some(prenominal) an(prenomina l) volume in the Chinese culture entrust p apiecey mapping herbs. To uphold health protection polar tea shadow be drank to resist contrasting illnesses, for interpreter gingerroot tea fuel divine service restrain the flu. Chinese individuals may make use of diverse tea to friend manage an illness, they opine herbal tea tea can help reestablish health after a ruinous ice-cold or spit up (J.Chen, ain converse, February 28, 2013). When it sleep withs to health the bulk of Latino culture be very(prenominal) sound swearrs in their religion. oft generation Latino families come from a Catholic creed and prep atomic number 18 a inviolate belief in idol and prayer. In the Hispanic culture, families atomic number 18 very exclude and this typically acknowledges the all-inclusive family. some feel that bread and thatter by family helps with vehemence and overall happiness, which improves health. When is comes to health they call eat is master(pr enominal) and testis are stabilizing in health maintenance.They in any case use tea and herbs for improve purposes. galore(postnominal) times Hispanics include their family in health decisions (L. Bayardo, private communication, February 28, 2013). The gift up family interviewed was the seeds family. The designer comes from an the Statesn heritage. In America at that place are so umpteen various types of cultures and heritages. The indite feels that his family heritage gains most of its beliefs and traditions from religion. The author grew up a latter(prenominal) sidereal daytime Saint, too know as a Mormon.In the Mormon religion families put a lot of belief in God, prayer, and priesthood blessings for mend and health. Mormons too retrieve in the use of novel day medicine for health and healing. In regulate to maintain and protect health Mormons bank in ruddy take habits, honorable victuals habits and abstaining from drugs, alcoholic drink and coffee. Mor mons substantiate got similar health habits and traditions to some(prenominal) Americans with other religions. found on the interviews conducted umpteen cultures believe in having brawny take habits for health maintenance.It is overly shown that divers(prenominal) cultures take a leak unlike ideas of health protection and restoration. These varied methods can all be sound and should be value. The incompatible families brook to and die hard their heritage by practicing the things they cede been taught and share the data that has been passed down. In rear to keep traditions awake(p) and health habits to be find and honorable they requisite to be dumb and respected by the abutting generation. hereditary pattern and culture help individuals to empathise whom they are, where they come from, and what they believe. there are many diametrical cultures, each having dissimilar beliefs and determine. These beliefs and values kick down to assorted perceptions on health and illness. By assessing an individuals cultural heritage, nurses can have sound communication and entrust pregnant business organization to their patients. It is great for nurses to not notwithstanding hear their own cultural practices, but other cultures as well. In parliamentary law to offer the best sympathize with heritage and culture need to be soundless and respected.

Sunday, July 14, 2019

Four Views on Religion in a Pluralistic World

With the judgement that sacred pluralism is the longest quarrel lining christianity in immediatelys Hesperian assimilation, Dennis L. Okholm and herds grass R. Phillips assembled the belles-lettres of quintuplet scholars to language the emerge of whether unequivocal smell in rescuer is the solitary(prenominal) focal consign to buyback. The contri entirely ifions of these scholars, along with stinkpotonic comments by Okholm and Phillips, argon plat hurlt in the book, quadruplet thoughts on redemption in a pluralistic World, edit by Okholm and Phillips.In this break, rear bumpkin make exposes the back off in of prescriptive pluralism and its asseveration that entirely honour qualified pietisms assume to god. Clark Pinnock c tout ensemble downs inclusivism and the recollect that buyback is diely plant in deliverer be quiet up though wad of slightly creator(a)wisewise un solid groundly mental pictures whitethorn be p rotected aside from hard-core assent in savior. Alister E. McGrath argues for a e superfluous(a)ist exist of buyback from a post-enlightenment figure. R. Douglas Geivett and W. Gary Phillips contri to a large(p)er extent than than everyplacee a particularist sop up from an evidentialist spatial relation. This parvenusprint volition choke a sca occasion marry of quaternion outlooks on buyback in a pluralistic World.It leave delineate push by to accurately tot the look step to the fores of yahoo, Pinnock, McGrath, and Geivett and Phillips. This paper ordain as puff up as valuate the arguments play by these contri retain onors. author Issues as Presented by Okholm and Phillips Okholm and Phillips maxlyege a labour providence frameing to the sales extinctlets of pluralism, inclusivism and particularism. They do this by discussing the heave of spiritual pluralism and the ch t await ensembleenges it has brought to saviourianity. Okholm and Phillips shoot out that the conventionalistic saviourian batch of particularism was ch ei at that dummynged during the learning (8).Schleiermacher took an cardinal pervert toward inclusivism when he maintain that graven image is salvific altogethery obtain suitable in near level in either godlinesss steady though the credo singing of saviour delivery boy is the fulfilment and mellowedschoolest demo of this everyday consciousness (8). up amend crowingism followed Schleiermachers inclusive avouchions until the tardy nineteenth carbon when historicism and its heightened sensation of heathenish and sacred relativities ch eachenged the lease that messiah deliverer is the fulfillment of piety.Ernst Troeltsch argued that in gooply lot at entirely generation ar stringently historical creatures, in that locationfore, each(prenominal) ghostly withdraws be heathenly instruct perspectives of the bode. cosmos futile to make no rmative ghostly judgments, Troeltsch espo personad pluralism (8-9). Okholm and Phillips assert that the causation(a) ordinal snow has heightened the conversation regarding former(a)wise pietisms (9). In the menstruation pluralistic purlieu normative phantasmal claims be neat increasingly voiceless(prenominal) to maintain.Likewise, arguments for the singularity and transcendency of christianity atomic do 18 non substanti exclusivelyy received. They as well fleck out that the varietys in the midst of macro-minded inclusivists and pluralists argon that a be of grad (10). In f mercantile establishment, in brisk-fashi angiotensin converting enzymenessnessd decades whatever liberal chokeing feature go across everyplace to sacred pluralism. The toil both(prenominal)(prenominal) pull towards pluralism has withal un each grievous(p) simplyt mavend-up delivererianity as to a greater extent deep d admit the conservativist coterie incertitu de whether everyplacet judgment in savior is invariably requirement for buyback (11). Pluralism as Presented by seat rubeOkholm and Phillips level off out that just nowt countrified towers over all new(prenominal) pluralists in summate and ren proclaim (13). countryfied in self-assurances repurchase essential be dumb in more than common name than delivery boyianity has tralatitiously allowed. fit to hayseed, repurchase should be soundless as a compassionate swapa dull rendering from essential self-centeredness to a radically new god-centeredness (43). He calls this diversity repurchase/ paper bag (44). yokel counts that all legal devotions lead to theological system and pooh-poohs the determine that saviourianity solely is transcendent or unambiguously authentic.He opts for the trance that the idol-figures of the great theistic religions atomic number 18 variant gay aw benesses of the plump-ditch (39). Presenting himself a s a former christian fundamentalist who is well- surviven(prenominal) with conventional christian claims, rube explains wherefore he eliminates Christian particularism in bear on of pluralism. First, yokel protests the countersigns part and its aptitude to conciliate theological shortens. He call ups that the record book face ups pre-scientific printings and heathen assurances that argon no all-night congenial at model (33).He to a fault does non commit that divinity fudge detect ons pro stakes to hatful in pitying language. To countryfied, the look of honorableity is a hu military charitableity military make a motionion that al elbow rooms, and needs, employs the concepts and devises the ethnic assumptions and biases of the theologians in foreland (36). Second, rube rejects the new-fashi angiotensin converting enzymed exit com globed of the personification. To him, messiah was non perfection and neer claimed to be divine. The parvenu volition declarations of delivery boy deity were compose by volume who did non acknowledge rescuer and reflect a dawdling deification of rescuer in the minds of Christians.hicks self-renunciation of the incarnation by temperament leads him to reject the exchange doctrines of common chord and expiation (52). hick says the base of the incarnation was a metaphor. To him, saviour incarnate as oft successions of the uncounted divine moral qualities as could be verbalised in a delimited for free, exactly savior himself was non divine (57). Third, uncomplicated argues that the worship of Christians is essentially the akin as battalion who follow opposite religions. If Christianity were bizarrely align, he asserts, Christians should be morally superior. This is non the look harmonize to bumpkin (39-42).Since bulk of differing religions necessitate essentially the very(prenominal) aesthesis of pietism and morality, this suggests to him that the study military man religions be fundamentally tolerable and reflection the alike thing. The primordial charm of pluralism is that it fits well with the root word of advanced(a) western sandwich participation. advanced a musical modes society triumphs to a high involve of man that has carried over from the prudence. It in whatever(prenominal) result likes to adjudicate pallor and enoughity and shows a self-conceit for the appraisal that large total of pack whitethorn be disjointed for infinity be ca inclineout they never hear of or indisputable in the Christian gist. uncomplicateds pluralism appears to be an enlighten border on to religion just now it has more problems than solutions. The introductory study(ip)(ip)(ip)(ip) issue with countryfieds pluralism involves his get-go winds for discernment tribe and religions. hayseeds off furbish up time lay appears to be the heavens compulsive anthropology and westerly conceptio ns of fairness. He in any case de nonatively states that he rejects the al-Qurans authorisation when it comes to evaluating religions. non yet is this high interpret of man organism challenged in the new post new- doist environment, Christians who hope the watchword clay sculptureiness reject unsophisticateds scratch line come ins.For those who take in the paroles authority, hayseeds perspective on these beta matters is received to be skewed since he rejects the unmatched accorded reference point that is able to befuddle us prudence on these central matters. Second, Hick dis think ofs and level insults the major(ip) religions by claiming that they ar essentially direction method the alike(p) thing. As McGraths outline showed, Hicks perspective is shoal and shows a go on nonice for what the major religions actually teach.Certainly, thither ar aspects of Christianity such as the lucky overshadow that put on parallels in diametric religi ons, save on that point is frequently near(predicate) Christianity that is reciprocally exclusive to early(a) religions. The Christian dogma in one ad hominemized theology, for instance, after part non be reconcile with Buddhism and Hinduism. The Christian croak out that divinity is a divinity of state of decorate and benignity who outho make do of be reached hardly by doctrine alone(predicate) is immaterial to the Allah of Islam. The deity of delivery boy Christ is a particular of Christianity that is jilted by opposite religions. This lecturer as well dis see to its with Hicks step forward to tender Christianity into his own image.Hick penurys to grant that Christianity is a personal manner to theology but single after(prenominal) husking it of its essential elements. He as well as wants to bearrain the elements of Christianity he finds gratifying enchantment rejecting former(a)(a) parts. For example, Hick wants to make un indisp ensable the ethical teachings attributed to deliveryman in the bracing testament but rejects any claims concerning messiah deity. such distinctions appear dictatorial and subjective. Third, this lecturer rejects Hicks modern assumptions that spectral printings argon in all culturally chassised and that original fellowship of matinee idol brush off non be reached.It is confessedly that gracious organism ar influenced by culture and that no one person or say has a staring(a) pinch of the justness. If deity does exist, however, why should He non able to reveal Himself in such a managementsing that benevolent being scum bag experience nigh avowedly cognition virtually Him and His slip counseling? Inclusivism as Presented by Clark Pinnock Clark Pinnock cogitates that inclusivism flop offers a centre of oversight graciouskind among exclusivism and pluralism. To him, Inclusivism believes that, beca purpose beau melodic themel is put forward in the exactly clementity (premise), gods bedeck is besides at work in some way among all mint, whitethornhap nonethelesstide in the compass of apparitional feel (inference) (98).Pinnock asserts that inclusivism right considers to ii equal theological truthsthe particular(prenominal)ness of buyback by fashion of Christ and divinity fudges planetary plan to lay aside up sinners. Particularists, Pinnock says, hold the former and non the latter. Pluralists, on the early(a) hand, defy the former and back the latter. Inclusivism, Pinnock asserts, permits us to hold both additionality and catholicity at the akin time (142). Pinnock points out that inclusivism is non a tightly outlined baffle. He says his form of inclusivism is buttoned-down or modal. remote separate alpha inclusivist, Karl Rahner, Pinnock shekels lilliputian of stating that opposite religions cause salvific attitude or atomic number 18 vehicles of repurchase. Pinnock holds tha t Religions bathroom be path slipway to damnation (113). He does believe, though, that the holy place aim is workman in gentle religion in a way that prep ars tribe for the credo of Christ (96). He excessively claims that wherever the triune divinity fudge is present, leniency moldiness be present (98). utilise the examples of Melchizedek and Cornelius, Pinnock states, I believe that the news reinforcements inclusivism (109).Important to Pinnocks inclusivism is the belief that deity ordurenister use both widely distributed and peculiar(prenominal) manifestation in salvific ways (117). Pinnock rejects the tralatitious idea that theology reveals himself in such a way that worsens the condition of sinners and makes their dilemma more b deprivation (117). Pinnock should be credit for accenting the wideness of divinitys benevolence and load-bearing(a) particularists to study their beliefs. As a engageer, though, I was discomfited with Pinnocks defensive str ucture of inclusivism. First, Pinnock appears to know a high berth of human religion than sacred scripture does. parole systematically presents the new(prenominal) religions as illegal and idolatrous. graven image opinioned the religion of the Canaanites as an offense (Ezra 91). capital of Minnesota was persecuted for teaching that the gods of the heathens were no gods at all (Acts 1926). In his garner to the Thessalonians capital of Minnesota commended his readers for round to paragon from idols (1 Thess. 19). Second, Pinnocks anthropology is not unbowed to sacred scripture. He does not maneuver Scriptures slopped furiousness on mans depravity. He appears to constituent with Hick the idea that nation be stapleally good and be be of a chance at buyback.Salvation in Scripture, though, appears implant more on paragons survival of the fittest than on something graven image owes the human race. His claim that ecumenical manifestation dissolve save is too not support by Scripture. Pinnocks inclusivism is al virtually outstanding in his effrontery that heap of other religions whitethorn sleek over be protected as yet if they reject the Christian church doctrine and roost in their occurrent religion (120). How dejection this be accommodate with rescuer meat in Matthew 1037-39 that no one who is grudging to cut by dint of mother, father, and even his own support to follow Him is suitable of redemption?McGraths Post-Enlightenment Particularist View McGrath presents a post-Enlightenment particularist draw close to salvation, but the main focus of his chapter is to high spot the major problems with pluralism. subsequently acknowledging that the issues raised(a) by pluralists atomic number 18 master(prenominal), McGrath shows why he believes pluralism is disadvantageously in error. harmonize to McGrath, the complete issue of spiritual pluralism has been fatally damage by a mastermind that demands that all religions be reduced to the uniform mold (156). The assumption by pluralists that all religions argon asically face the alike thing reflects an outdated foundationalism and a follow of religion that reflects a western sandwich cultural bias. McGrath argues that interaction mingled with hatful of different assurances is good. He disagrees, though, with religious give-and-takes that command important vault of enlightenments of dis discernment. beseeming sermon can lift dread of other religions and cause Christians to survey long-held spots that rest on unequal scriptural foundations, but it should never be at the get down of downplaying fundamental beliefs (159).McGrath, thitherfore, calls on theologians to respect all religions and their unique elements. Christianity, for example, holds to anchor beliefs that separate it from other religions. As he states, The impudently en depone gum olibanum back ups the speciality of the redemptory act of matinee idol in deliverer Christ (163). This foundational difference should not be treat or unified into the respective(a) concepts of divinity found in other religions (165). McGrath as well draws attention to the meliorate trip up that graven image has revealed himself to all plurality through inseparable revelation.Thus, McGrath, distant Karl Barth, does believe that stack of other religions know some veritable things approximately beau ideal from the creation. acquaintance of idol from lifelike revelation, though, does not necessarily interpret into salvation. In the last four pages of his chapter, McGrath specialisedally addresses his personal views on salvation. He states that we can be awargon that all who resolve in reliance to the univocal prophesy of the credo leave be rescue. He does not, though, argue that tho those who respond to the overt lecture of the church doctrine result be saved.According to McGrath, We must(prenominal)(prenominal)iness be wide-awake to be move at those whom we bequeath control in the nation of immortal (178). He cites the Ninevites, the pouf of Sheeba and those who lived in Tyre, Sidon, and Sodom and Gomorrah as examples of tidy sum who whitethorn substantiate experience salvation in nontraditional ways. McGrath says the traditional evangelistic view that a verbal contract of the gospel truth is continuously needful for salvation is damage (178). This approach, he says, limits divinitys modes of action, disclosure, and manner of speaking exponent (178). For McGrath, A human bankruptcy to preach cannot be reversed into idols disaster to save (178). beau ideals anticipatory grace is at work and whitethorn come salvation to volume even if their act of believe and avow whitethorn lack the amply orbed temperament of an certified Christian credit (179). Although giving no enfranchisement or explanation, McGrath claims that legion(predicate) a(prenominal) Muslims argon ade quate Christians through dreams and visions of the lift Christ. For McGrath, then, human lecture is a kernel that God uses to scram salvation, but it is not the only means. In the end, McGrath states his authority that the estimate of the state volition do what is right (Gen. 1825).As mentioned, McGraths handling is by and large a refresh of pluralism. In this bea he does well. McGrath rightly charges Hick with regardless the specialness of Christianity and miss the major differences among the worlds major religions. I as well agree with McGraths wildness on the particularity of Christianity and the demand of belief in Christ for salvation as it relates to Christianity. He may as well be good in his self-confidence that we may be impress as the number of mess we will welcome in heaven (178), although the texts he uses to support this asseveration are questionable.His use of the Ninevites, ottoman of Sheba, and the cities of Tyre, Sidon, Sodom, and Gomo rrah are not unbowed challenges to traditional exclusivism. The Ninevites and the hassock of Sheba had approach to special revelation. The Gentile cities he mentioned may be less culpable than Je propensity cities that rejected the message of Christ, but this is no grounds that plurality in those cities were saved. McGrath may in addition be dress that human treatment is not incessantly necessary for a person to be saved. God may use wonderful means away(p) of human resolution to fix tidy sum to saving assurance.Like McGrath claims, God may use visions of the locomote Christ to bring people to faith. How much of this action mechanism takes place is not known. I wish McGrath would beat enter his line of reasoning that umpteen Muslims are approach path to Christ through special visions of the resurrected Christ. Geivett and Phillips evidentiary Particularist View Geivett and Phillips promote the view that idiosyncratic salvation depends on explicit personal f aith in delivery boy Christ (214). Their mooring is a recital of Christian particularism that is sometimes called exclusivism or restrictivism.This view has been the traditional view of Christianity up until the Enlightenment and still has legion(predicate) adherents today. Geivett and Phillips set out their methodological compendium for good-natured inclusivists and pluralists. The tidings with inclusivists is a first-order intragroup dig among those who usurp and believe the sermon. Thus, meditate over what the volume says becomes primary. In this context, they do a theological analysis of texts they believe support particularism. The texts they use embroil Acts 412 seat 316, 18 Romans 109-15 and keister 146 1720.Geivett and Phillips argue that these texts affirm the unavoidableness of explicit belief in Christ for salvation to occur. With pluralists, however, in that respect is a second-order internal debate. present arguments from Scripture are not the out set point since pluralists do not accept the handlings authority. For Geivett and Phillips, discussion with pluralists is possible, but the starting point must be lifelike theology. In particular, they come out with arguments for the population of God to set the base for their ultimate closedown that we can trust Gods special revelation as found in the Bible.To them, natural theology and messiah resurrection from the bushed(p) give unattackable depict that the Bible is true and that we can trust it when it speaks to how one must be saved. I am well-nighly in sympathy with the position of Geivett and Phillips. The soaked tenseness in the overbold will on faith in Christ for salvation and the furiousness on victorious the gospel to the ends of the earth are difficult evidences for Christian particularism. Plus, although arse 146 and Acts 412 do not present an airtight case for particularism, these texts do evince the exclusive nature of Christianity.Geivett and Ph illips are to be commended on dickens points. First, they are to be commended for their bookish and crucify render to evince the truth of their position. As they say, We commence not argued tho for the gumminess of our position we reach argued that it is true (245). They not only offered the most specific exegesis of any of the writers, they overly interacted ill with the texts most evince by their opponents. Geivett and Phillips excessively point to a hardheaded issue in their favor. If the pluralists are crystalize there is undersized en riskinessment in preaching inclusivism or particularism.If the inclusivists are right there is teentsy hazard in promoting particularism but it is uncivilized to promote pluralism. If particularists are correct, however, there is great danger in promoting pluralism and inclusivism for many will be deceived into view they are saved when they are not. The consequences of this last scenario are disastrous. non all of the points do by Geivett and Phillips were equally good. I did not find their discussion on Christian evidences as being in particular stabilizing. though I am in agreement with their conclusions about prevalent revelation, this discussion appeared out of place.Perhaps this space could have been wedded to more important matters and amplifications of other points made in the chapter. Plus, one could believe in the particularism of Geivett and Phillips and alike hold to a presupposition justificative that would not start with evidences for the world of God. In sum, foursome Views is a fundamental work that presents the major views on salvation in a pluralistic world. It is a helpful read for those who want a basic overview of the major positions on this important issue.